In 1676, when three to five hundred armed rebels organized across racial lines burned Jamestown to the ground, Virginia's planter elite confronted a crisis that would shape American policy for the next three and a half centuries. The rebellion itself could be suppressed through military force, but the problem it revealed could not. Poor whites and Black people had discovered a shared enemy in the planter class that exploited them both, and they had acted on that discovery in coordinated fashion. The elite's response was not to improve conditions for workers or redistribute land and power. Instead, they constructed something more sophisticated and far more durable. Between 1680 and 1705, through a series of carefully designed laws, they created a compensation structure that would permanently fracture the labor force that had just nearly overthrown them.